General Pathology of Criminal Security Measures and Judicial Oversight in Iran and the United States
Keywords:
Criminal bail order, Judicial supervision order, Judges' discretion, Lack of proportionalityAbstract
The legal systems of Iran and the United States exhibit fundamental differences in criminal security measures and judicial oversight. These differences are also evident in the general challenges governing such measures. This research, using descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods, examines the challenges related to criminal security measures and judicial oversight in Iran and the United States, presenting findings derived from the study. One of the core challenges lies in the discretion granted to judges in issuing criminal security measures, which stems from the legislators' reliance on broad and ambiguous concepts such as "disrupting public order." In both countries, there are no precise and defined criteria for ensuring "proportionality" in issuing such measures. Consequently, diverse measures are issued under similar circumstances, undermining the integrity of the criminal justice system and eroding public trust. In Iran, the lack of use of lighter measures, such as those based on personal recognizance, is considered a significant issue, leading to an overreliance on bail and detention orders. In the United States, discrimination in pretrial detention decisions is prominently observed, with a disproportionate number of detention orders issued against minorities and African Americans relative to their population. Regarding financial security measures, the prevalent reliance on monetary bail has effectively transformed such measures into a commercial mechanism, contradicting the higher objectives of criminal justice proceedings.
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