Challenges of Upholding Citizens' Rights in the Crime Detection Process

Abstract

A citizen is an individual who, in relation to the government, is endowed with civil and political rights on one hand and holds obligations toward the government on the other. Essentially, citizenship rights are founded on three main principles: civil rights, political rights, and social rights, and they are regarded as fundamental components of human rights. In democratic societies, the term "citizen" refers to individuals who hold the nationality of a country and, consequently, benefit from rights and privileges endorsed by the constitution and other ordinary laws of that country. Citizenship, as a pervasive modern social status and role, encompasses an interconnected set of equal rights and responsibilities for all, fostering a sense of social belonging and encouraging collective participation regardless of racial, ethnic, class, cultural, or religious affiliations. Citizens' rights, which are based on a mutual social contract and a series of reciprocal rights between the government and the people, as well as a shared public sentiment toward national and social identity, face various obstacles and challenges. In Iran, the barriers to the implementation of citizens' rights are primarily related to the lack of a clear definition of the status of these rights, insufficient education on citizenship rights, and the failure to institutionalize them within various social layers.