Application of the Causal Model in the Multiplicity of Causes

Abstract

This study aims to explain the function of the causal model in analyzing the problem of the “multiplicity of causes” in tort liability. In traditional legal systems, the causal relationship is often determined based on philosophical or customary criteria, requiring the judge to select one cause as the principal factor among several contributing elements. However, in today’s complex social and technical contexts, damages and harmful events usually result from the simultaneous or sequential interaction of multiple factors. In this setting, the causal model serves as a scientific tool capable of quantitatively and empirically explaining the relationships between variables and determining each factor’s actual contribution to the occurrence of harm. The findings indicate that the causal model aligns most closely with the “ordinary cause” theory, as both emphasize the actual and reasonable influence of a factor on the outcome. In contrast, traditional theories such as “prior cause in effect” or “subsequent cause in occurrence” lack the capacity for scientific explanation and prediction of multicausal relationships. Moreover, the causal model can provide a foundation for reforming legislative structures and judicial decision-making by replacing subjective reasoning with data-driven evidence. Therefore, the causal model should not be seen merely as a statistical or analytical instrument but as a comprehensive framework for integrating scientific rationality with legal justice in the law of torts. Overall, employing the causal model in analyzing causation enhances the precision of judicial rulings, improves legislative effectiveness, and promotes distributive justice based on empirical evidence.