A Comparative Study of the Scope of Liability of Persons Involved in Transportation in International Multimodal Transport Documents of Goods and Iranian Law
Keywords:
Limits of liability of the combined carrier of goods, contractual limitation of liability, limits of liability of the carrier's agents and agents, Himalayan clauseAbstract
In international multimodal transport documents of goods, despite the recognition of the unified liability of the multimodal transport operator, contrary to the principle of full compensation for damage, the scope of the operator’s liability is subject to specific limitations. Based on the value of the cargo and with due regard to the place where the damage occurs, the extent of liability for compensating the incurred loss is determined. Nevertheless, the parties to the contract of carriage may, by stipulating Paramount and Kaspiana clauses or by entering into agreements concerning the limitation of liability, modify the scope of liability in respect of potential future damages, provided that the level of liability does not fall below the minimum threshold prescribed in the multimodal transport convention as the governing law. Furthermore, the scope of liability of servants, agents, and representatives of the multimodal transport operator is determined in accordance with the international convention governing unimodal carriage of goods; however, the parties to the contract of carriage may, by stipulating a Himalaya clause, determine the scope of liability of these persons by agreement, thereby extending the limitations of liability to all persons involved in the multimodal transport of goods.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Amirhossein Shabahang (Author); Hassan Badini (Corresponding author); Nejadali Almasi (Author)
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