Restitution in Kind in Civil Liability in Iranian and Iraqi Law
Keywords:
restitution in kind, civil liability, harm, injured party, material damages, moral damagesAbstract
Among the necessary elements for contractual liability and civil liability is the existence of damage or harm; the compensation of such damage or harm within each type of liability must satisfy specific conditions. Once the existence of damage is established and the other requirements are met, liability arises. The principal purpose of fault-based or contractual civil liability is the protection of the interests of the injured party through compensation. In this sense, the harm suffered by the injured party should be remedied so that they are restored to the position they would have occupied had the contract not existed or the injurious act not occurred. To achieve this aim, the Iranian and Iraqi legal systems have adopted various approaches. Compensation is a critical concept, especially in cases where the objectives and motivations of the contracting parties change during the performance of the contract or when one party fails to fulfill its obligations for various reasons. The concept of compensation in both Iranian and Iraqi law has direct or indirect Sharia-based foundations and is inspired by the verses of the Qur’an. This concept has been further developed by the interpretations of other Islamic scholars and jurists. Civil liability differs from other legal concepts, including criminal liability. At times, civil liability precedes criminal liability, and at other times it does not. As a result, compensation for harm can occasionally be accompanied by punishment, while at other times it is separate from it. Despite the fact that civil liability and contractual liability share many aspects in straightforward matters and there is no fundamental difference necessitating their strict separation, there remain certain distinctions between these two types of liability. These differences become significant when compared to the new European legal frameworks and are subject to debate within this study.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Suitan Hussein Al-Hameed (Author); Mojtaba Nikdosti (Corresponding author); Samah Hussein Ali, Mohammad Javad Abdollahi (Author)
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